The Kubik educational program is developed to inform the population about risks related to food allergies. The program is mainly developed for children. It provides information on how and when to used an Epipen adrenaline auto-injector and includes a guide for different types of food allergies. It also provides instructions and strategies to protect children from severe allergic reactions. The extent of this campaign is limited, and it is therefore expected to involve more resources in order to raise the level of awareness among citizens about the risks related to food allergies.

AlertCops is an app for people at risk in emergency situations, and can be used to contact emergency services easily. The app has an SOS button, which directly sends a person's location and audio message of 10 seconds to the closest first responders. Users may share their location with people of choice to make the rescue process faster. The service is developed to be discreet so it can be used in dangerous situations, and provides a chat feature in order to send messages, videos or pictures. The app may also be used as a warning system, distributing warnings to citizens close to dangerous areas. Another feature of the app is the possibility to report criminal occurrences after it has occurred.

The Corona dashboard was developed during the Covid-19 pandemic to communicate about the development of the Covid-19 virus in the Netherlands. For example, the information provided includes how many people with Covid-19 are in hospital, how many ICU beds are occupied by Covid-19 patients, as well as whether and where the virus is reviving and an indication of the pressure on healthcare. The public can access different geographical areas and monitor trends they are interested in, at the district level or the whole country. The information is available in both Dutch and English and complies with privacy guidelines.

Safecast is an international volunteer driven non-profit organization whose goal is to create useful, accessible, and granular environmental data. It was formed in response to the lack of publicly accurate and trustworthy radiation information after the Fukushima earthquake in 2011. Safecast began monitoring, collecting, and openly sharing information on environmental radiation. The information has proven useful to experts, policy makers, and the public. The system was then extended to monitoring air quality. Safecast provides a set of hardware and software tools for gathering and sharing accurate environmental data in an open and participatory fashion. Safecast benefits from having a technically skilled pool of collaborators around the globe. All tools are available open source. All Safecast data is published, free of charge, into the public domain under a Creative Common license. The tools provided by Safecast include: the mobile Safecast app for accessing radiation measurements and performing measurements using various instruments such as a Geiger or a scintillation counter; the mobile, GPS enabled, logging, radiation sensor bGeigie Nano; the outdoor air quality monitoring solution Airnote (built in partnership with Blues Wireless); the educational geiger counter kit “Kids Geigie”; the solar based radiation monitoring devices Solarcast and Solarcast Nano.

Gatherings for bereaved families was a program launched by the Norwegian Directorate of Health for family suffering losses after the Norwegian terror attacks in 2011. The program's main aim was to provide psychological help for people that lost family members in the terror and to help them recover from trauma. The gatherings occurred for four weekends after the terror attacks. During the process people learnt about grief, and attended lectures, workshops and social activities, either in smaller groups or in plenary sessions, covering a wide range of relevant themes The themes changed throughout the period, and let people reflect on different upcoming events such as the trial, verdict and so on, or other themes related to the process of grief.

ECHO and DIPECHO are programs launched by the European Commission to improve preparedness and reduce effects of natural disasters with preventive measures. The programs provide funding for projects and pilot activities on simple preparatory measures that can enhance resilience, by strengthening local physical and human resources in areas with high risk. Examples of projects that have been funded are for example early warning systems, local capacity building, education, linkage between public organisations and others. These projects are located in several countries across the world. They emphasise that risk reduction measures and preparedness should be applied as preventive measures before incidents occur.

The Ro-Alert system is used to send Cell Broadcast messages to warn and alert citizens in case of emergency. As a cell broadcast system it targets indiscriminately all populations in a predefined geographical areas. The system is used in severe situations, in which citizens’ lives and health conditions are endangered. Specific examples are extreme weather conditions, threatening floods, terrorist attacks and other situations that severely threaten communities. It has been used during the Covid-19 pandemic, in order to remind the population to respect the protection measures and to announce restrictions. The Ro-Alert messages can be received on Romanian territory, where the recipient connects to either 2G, 3G, 4G, or GSM. It is not necessary to install a specific application, and it makes no difference whether the recipient has a prepaid or a subscriber service. There are no additional costs or taxes involved in receiving Ro-Alert messages. One limitation is that if the phone is turned off or has no service, alerts will not be received.

The DRIVER+ (Driving Innovation in Crisis Management for European Resilience) is an initiative for accelerating crisis innovation in Europe, launched by the EU. This project received funding from the European Union's Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration. It aims to encourage crisis innovation and seek to develop a common understanding of crisis management in Europe. The initiative offers a repository of best solutions to improve crisis management, support the development of trials and sharing of user experiences. DRIVER+ provides a portfolio of solutions for emergency responders. Depending on the need, they can choose among a set of solutions, making it easy to find a solution for each needs. Each solution reaches the society in different ways, and many of the proposed solutions have been tested and implemented.

Staying Alive is an app that provides defibrillator mapping and management of citizen responders. The app is available in 18 languages and maps over 120.000 defibrillators worldwide. It is a solution to improve the critical emergencies handling by locating and alerting citizen. The solution is used by French Emergency services to handle out of hospital cardiac arrest by alerting trained citizen responders. It can also be used as a Public Warning System to alert or notify responders within a specific perimeter. The main contribution is an improvement of cardiac arrest survival rates. In the Paris region the survival has been multiplied by 2 reaching 35 percent when responders are dispatched on site.

My112 is an app allowing citizen in distress to communicate with the 112 Emergency Centre. The user current position is sent to the assiting operator. Users can send photographs of the incident, and additional information. The app also makes it easy for the users to send SMS notifications to a list of selected contacts after the call to the Emergency Centre. In addition, users can subscribe to emergency notifications, allowing My112 to receive real-time notices when emergencies occur.

RoHelp is a fully-featured digital platform which lends itself to be used by all organisations that actively are involved in halting the spread of Covid-19. The platform was developed during the Covid-19 pandemic in Romania, and its main purpose is to help organisations collect the resources they need. On the RoHelp platform various civil society organisations that are interested in helping during emergency situations can register themselves. They identify the needs adapted to local context and circumstances and they collect donations via the platform in order to solve the problem. The solution allows non-governmental organisations with various fields of expertise to build bridges within their local community and increase the societal resilience. Limitation: Donors might lose their interest after the pandemic and this might affect NGOs in their way of collecting donations and solving problems at the community level.

The RVM-app consists of two modules. One is a website with a management system that allows civil society organisations (CSOs), also known as NGOs, to add the resources they have and can deploy at the time of a crisis. Authorities can check the stock to see what NGO response capacity is available in which cities. It has an alert system that allows broadcasting an SMS message to all volunteers who have specific qualifications or who are registered in a specific city. The second module is a mobile app that may be used also if there is no data connectivity. The information will be stored locally and the database will be updated as soon as the officer reaches a place where there is connectivity available. Limitation: The main limitation is represented if a NGO forgets to update its resources (either human or material).

The Covid-19 self-report is an app by Everbridge, which is helping people to return safely to university campuses during and after the pandemic. The app is to be used by students, staff and visitors, before entering the university area. The main goal of this service is for people to assess their health status through symptom checks in surveys, which will provide evidence of verification. People using this app will get insight into risk factors on campus, and get notifications if they have been exposed to the virus. The app also provides information for students and staff that has already been contaminated. 

30days30ways is a national campaign of preparedness activities for citizens via social media. It takes place every year. It is an evidence-based, structured social media emergency risk communication, education and engagement initiative. The aim is to increase household and community preparedness and resilience in a world increasingly impacted by climate change and a wide range of risks. Over 30 days, all-hazard themed messages and resources are shared by a wide range of partners over social media, e.g. twitter, facebook, instagram and youtube, using memes and narrative to - connect and facilitate the understanding of risks - empower personal preparedness through easy steps - inform recovery and resilience

The Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary incentive program introduced by the National Flood Insurance Program in the USA. The CRS is a federal initiative, aiming at strengthening resilience against floods in local governments and communities, through the financial, human, natural, physical political and social capital already existing in the community. The National Flood Insurance Program has set some minimum requirements for flood preparedness, but the activities in the CRS are more comprehensive. Communities earn points based on nineteen creditable activities related to topics about flood prevention. These topics are public information, mapping and regulations, flood damage reduction, warning and responses. The eveluation of this initiative is limited. There is a need to compare the benefits from implementing the CRS activities over time with the costs incurred.

The solution aims at coordinating the prevention of forest fires through surveillance of wild and green areas. The plan gives the general structure of the prevention and fighting activities, in particular the responsibilities of each stakeholder involved in case of a fire. The aim is to clarify the role of each and improve coordination of specialised persons and technical extinguishing means. The plan foresees a surveillance activity nearby green spaces during the entire fire season, which is put under the responsibility of civil protection volunteers organisations. On the basis of the plan, every year, at the beginning of fire season, the mayor of each municipality in the Lazio region issues a regulation in which citizens are addressed to avoid risky behaviours (e.g., proper grassland management of private fields, day-trippers not using fires or disposable barbecue, proper pruning the trees). The volunteers of the civil protection are also engaged in a information and education campaign for schoolchildren about forest fires.

Preparedness for Effective Response (PER) is a program launched by the International Fund for Red Cross and Red Cresent (IFRC). The main aim of the program is to reduce crisis impact on society, and help to prevent human suffering and losses. The crises in aim are floods, epidemics, storms, drought and wildfires. The IFRC decide which hazards they want to prioritise in their preparedness plans, based on country risk assessments, as well as their mandate, services, ongoing projects and overall capacity. The preparedness measures are coordinated with national authorities, and the focus is on training first responders to be prepared for different types of hazards. They are also researching new technologies and contribute to set up early warning systems. The IFRC serves the community with personal capacity, equipment and tools for the ongoing crises management.

The National Emergency Preparedness Platform is an official source of information in Romania to help citizens better understand risks, and to inform people about prevention measures and behaviour in various emergencies or disasters. The platform is based on a website called Fiipregatit.ro to convey the information to citizens. The aim of this platform is to provide extensive information to the population regarding various types of risks. The information is provided based on multiple guidelines with the same structure. The guides relate to various types of risks and the action to be undertaken before, during and after the crisis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of guides, such as state of emergency, state of alert, symptoms, isolation, vaccination, travel, shopping, general recommendation and others were uploaded on the website. This solution was also used as a tool to counter disinformation campaigns about COVID-19. One example was the lack of trust of the population in the protective measures. To counter this, Romanian authorities uploaded a guide with myths, questions and answers that was accessed by large parts of the population, and contributed to less confusion. One limitation with this solution is that the server that hosts the platform may go down on various occasions for a limited period of time, due to for example maintenance services, information update, and overloaded web servers.

The main objective of the app is to create a communication channel between citizens and the Ertzaintza, the Basque police. The app facilitates new means of communication with the police through any mobile device and through various channels such as SMS, email, telephone, or WhatsApp. A very important feature is that the app keeps the anonymity of people (if they wish) to increase collaboration. Another important aspect is that the app works 24 hours, that is, users can communicate with the police whenever they need it. The solution enables citizens to have direct contact with the police agency and provides multiple channels to facilitate communication (i.e. mobile, email, WhatsApp, SMS, and direct contact with the emergency number). In the event that a physical visit is needed, the app also provides a list of all the police headquarters to facilitate a physical visit. In order to maintain a continuous flow of information from the police to citizens, the App provides news, recommendations and links to Ertzaintza's social networks. To mainstream the use of the App, a dissemination campaign was carried out after the App launch. The Basque police used posters to announce the launch of the application.

These campaigns aim at teaching the children and young people about different safety measures in order to prevent an accident and know how to deal with a crisis when it occurs. Depending on the institution that provides this training and awareness the content changes. For example, the police are focused on training in road safety measures. However, the NGOs teach students how to perform CPR and what to do in a terrorist attack. An example of this type of solution is the school training campaigns carried out by the Ertzaintza in the Basque country. The awareness campaigns are carried out with talks in different centres, from schools to universities and organisations. There are a total of 9 different talks, including threats on the internet. The objective of these talks is to promote the values of responsibility, privacy, empathy and dignity. The presentations are given in a time slot of 1.30-2 hours. The presentations (PowerPoint) are the same for all Euskadi. The talk is supported with real examples of dangerous situations such as grooming, cyberbullying and so on. The presentations also include videos. During the presentation, the ERTZ also explains the main laws and responsibilities associated with all these dangers on the Internet.

Local communities establish "Community emergency & resilience teams" (CERTs). These are groups of volunteers that receive basic training to intervene and aid during varied emergencies, as well as be used in routine to raise risk awareness, and assist in the reconstruction phase following a disaster. They offer help to individuals, groups, and other community members in different areas, from medicine, mental help, search & rescue, social help and more. For example, both urban and rural municipalities in Israel have arranged such teams. In large cities they operate on a community (specific geographic boundaries) level, while in rural areas they operate as a regional (more expansive) level. In an interview with an ex-security officer, he expressed his view that it can work better in rural municipalities than in big cities due to the size of the area and the sense of community. Nonetheless, several cities in Israel (for example, Acre which has a population of approximately 60,000 residents) have successfully integrated such CERT teams in their plans for emergency response. The responsibility to recruit the members of the CERT, to promote its organization and the overall management (to ensure sustainability) lies in the local municipality, most usually in the welfare departments. Following their registration as volunteers of the municipality, they are recognized as volunteers by the Nationa Insurance Institute, and thus are insured for any personal damage or injury. As part of the CERT, they are covered by the municipality's insurance, so their activities as part of the CERT is covered for professional liability.

West Midlands Ambulance Service (WMAS) on Twitter communicates with the population through twitter posts. They provide information about regular work days, the types of calls they receive, smaller or larger events, and any information on what has happened during the day. They also provide health information such as how to reduce the risk of heart disease, and instructions about what to do during emergencies. In times of crisis when high call volumes occur, pandemics or other major incidents, they also communicate advice to the public on Twitter. The main contribution of the solution is to inform the public about how to prepare in order to reduce the impact of a crisis and what action to take in order to reduce harm. The posts the WMAS publish regularly also contribute to build a large audience, which is beneficial during crisis when critical messages have to be dispatched to the public. A limitation with the solution is that it only reaches Twitter users, although many posts are picked up by news outlets.

PublicSonar (previously known as Twitcident) is a system for real-time social media monitoring for safety and security, developed in the Netherlands. Customers of the system include law enforcement agencies, municipalities and first responders. The system works by first monitoring local emergency broadcasts for an incident. Once an incident is reported, PublicSonar begins to aggregate relevant social media updates. The service then analyses and filters what it has uncovered. First responders can then use PublicSonar's filters to parse the information that interests them. The system could be used by both first responders and regular citizens to make informed decisions on how to proceed during an emergency. For example, firefighters could be alerted when a second blaze has broken off from the main fire, and direct a team to tackle the new challenge. The service could also be used by people who want to steer clear of trouble in a local area. PublicSonar heavily depends on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, especially Natural Language Processing (NLP).

Guidelines for handling floods is a solution that provides guidelines to citizens regarding what to do when flooding and extreme weather phenomenon occur. The information is provided by the UK government to the citizens. The first section gives instructions on what regular citizens should do when living during a flood. It covers recovery and cleaning up after a flood, as well as information on health perspectives. The second section covers similar topics, but targets first responders. The last part of the guidelines covers surveillance reports of floods from the year of 2014.

This programme presents guidance and recommendations for the public sector to enable and foster social action. Social actions refer to people investing their time and other resources to help the community and provide to the common good. This can range from volunteering and community-owned services to community organising or simple neighbourly acts (e.g., tutoring, helping with groceries, organising community activites, first response volunteers, etc.). Therefore, social action is about people coming together to solve problems in their communities and help improve lives. Whilst many of these social activities are initiated by community members themselves without the support of the public sector, some require more specific support from the public sector. The Enabling Social Action Programme defines guidance and a framework of tools to engage with society to 1. capitalize social networks & relationships; 2. Empower governance and leadership (including formulas to engage with government authorities/ public sector); 3. facilitates resource allocation -i.e. clarifying the source and sustainability of resources. Therefore, the aim of this program is to provide learning and resources for commissioners and other public sector leaders to enable social action.

Public access to emergency preparedness audit reports was enabled by the Norwegian government after the terror attacks in 2011. Events or exercises in the field of societal security are evaluated. The evaluations can, among other things, provide an overview of which measures, prevention and management were appropriate, where changes are needed and what the learning points are. This provides the public insight into governmental work on societal security. The Ministry of Justice launched an audit report about the work on societal safety and preparedness in different ministries in Norway. This process aimed at improving the openness and trust towards formal authorities and their handling of societal safety related issues. It also enabled the public to participate in the discourse on important aspects related to societal resilience. Before publication, consideration is given to whether the information should be protected and not made public. Nevertheless a potential drawback of such a process is that the audit report may reveal vulnerabilities that may be exploited by actors with bad intentions.

EKINBIDE is a complaint service, attached to the Department of Security of the Basque Government. The Service is responsible for receiving, studying, and responding to complaints, comments, and suggestions for improving the public security system and the services provided to citizens. For example, if at some point in time a citizen considers that any given problem that he has faced has not been adequately managed by the Law Enforcement Agency, he can proceed to file a complaint through this service to improve future actions and resolving the problem at stake. This solution helps to improve the quality of the law enforcement services and the trust that citizens have in these services. The channels to present the initiatives and complains are the following: - By telephone via the Basque government's electronic control centre - Face-to-face - At the headquarters of the EKINBIDE Office - Ertzaintza Police Stations and Citizen Attention Offices. - In other dependencies of the services of the Euskadi public security system. - At the Basque Government Registry Offices (Zuzenean Offices) - At post offices - Other means provided for in the legislation of the Common Administrative Procedure of Public Administrations. The data required are name and surname of the person concerned, their ID, address or channel for notification purposes, the reason or content of the initiative and the service to which it refers. Limitation: Since the service is designed to capture each individual's experience, this sole point of view must be further analysed before arriving at conclusions.

European Emergency Number is a Pan-European emergency number for all citizens in Europe and visitors to European countries. By dialing 112, callers can reach emergency services such as ambulance, fire and rescue, and the police. The number is free of charge and can be accessed 24/7. Thus, the solution provides easy access to emergency services across European countries, both for citizens and visitors in EU countries. The introduction of a common emergency number was done by the Council of Europe due to increased numbers of individuals travelling throughout EU member-states and in other European countries. The aim was to reduce the confusion of having to remember different emergency numbers depending on where you are located at the time of an emergency. In addition to EU member states, the number can be used for emergency situations in Albania, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey and the UK.

Information hotline (Call Habriut) is a solution implemented by the Israeli Ministry of Health. The solution is in daily use for providing information to the citizens on different topics. The information hotline is not to be used during emergencies. Such a solution reduces the number of non-emergencies calls to the emergency line. The individuals answering calls have the relevant training to provide information and to identify emergency inquiries or calls demanding specific treatment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this solution was used for inquiries related to COVID-19. Using this hotline, the citizens could obtain information about quarantine rules, typical symptoms, other advice and information.

The memorial ceremony after the terrorist attacks in Norway in 2011 was organised to rebuild the national community and tolerance. A two-day ceremony with speeches and songs was organised to mark the 10th anniversary of the attack. The event was organised by several organisations, including The 22 July Centre, Utøya AS and the Norwegian authorities. It took place in several locations, with the service at Oslo Cathedral open to the public. The main contribution of the solution was to strengthen social support, to remember the victims and to prevent future marginalisation. One of the limitations could be that parts of the ceremony were held in churches, which could lead to a kind of polarisation towards certain groups.

The solution provides a specifically designed web tool to share narratives and experineces of a collective tragedy and help local populations to cope with a disaster after it has occurred through a dedicated social platform. It was implemented after the L’Aquila earthquake to promote the sharing of memories, stories and photographs among the members of the society to recover from the disaster. Posts and data were analysed to assess the societal perception and community and individual memories.

"City connect" is an application used by municipalities to distribute critical information to the citizens, such as requests or other types of information in relation to different types of events. Citizens may also use the app to distribute messages to the municipalities. The application was developed to be used during crises and emergencies but is not limited to such events. Typical information distributed in the application are lists of public shelters and emergency centres or similar information. The messages provided are specific to the geographical area in which the citizens reside. One example of a disaster where the application was used, was during a snowstorm in Jerusalem in 2021. The municipalities provided information about the general traffic situations, the closed roads and other relevant information for the citizens.

Everbridge Public Warning Center is a Smart Hybrid Public Warning alerting for the management of critical events. It combines Cell Broadcast and Location-based SMS alert messages, and provides full support for multi-channel alerting. This allows authorities, emergency response teams, and public safety officials can get an overview of the total number of citizens that will be alerted. This means that Cell Broadcast alerts can be better prepared before a crisis occurs, and potentially impacted area areas can be tuned in order to target the population it needs to reach.

During the pandemic lock-down periods, telemedicine was an essential and valuable tool for monitoring and controlling symptomatic COVID-19 patients who did not require treatment in a hospital setting. Lazio ADVICE is a regional information web platform developed during the COVID-19 pandemic by the Lazio Region in Italy that allows healthcare professionals to remotely monitor patients in need of health care. Through the platform it was possible to assess the patients daily, monitor vital parameters, visit them at a distance and prescribe treatment or hospitalisation in case of clinical worsening. The platform also offers a corresponding patient smartphone application called “Lazio Doctor COVID,” in which the users can insert and collect personal data and information about their healthcare status and share them with their general practitioners.  The Lazio advice platform was also extended to include the health care monitoring and management of other patients such as chronic patients and the surveillance of vulnerable elderly during heat waves as defined in the Lazio regional heat plan. General practitioners and health care staff working in designated district operation centres (COT) could access the service and carry out surveillance during heat wave warnings issued by national heat health warning system.

The KATWARN system sends public warnings and behavioral advice in case of a crisis through an app and SMS. All warnings originate from government agencies responsible for safety, security organisations and control centers. These actors decide on the content, timing and the extent of issued warnings. Examples of senders are the police, fire department control centers, the German Weather Service, as well as flood and earthquake centers and external warning systems. Examples of when such warning systems may be used is under large scale fires, floods or others. The KATWARN system was developed by Fraunhofer FOKUS on behalf of public insurance companies in Germany.

The preparedness guard system is a method and process for a non-governmental organisation (the Red Cross) to organise volunteer efforts in local communities during emergency situations. The main aim of the Preparedness Guard is to facilitate local resource allocation during emergencies through having several volunteers that are easily reachable and prepared to contribute. A secondary goal has been to recruit volunteers to the Red Cross. It is a low-threshold opportunity for citizens to participate in volunteer work, as the people that sign up for the preparedness guard will only be contacted in case of emergencies and have one day basic training a year. Citizens are informed and mobilised when required during emergency situations to carry out tasks such as for example transport, manning information posts at an evacuated area, traffic control, and administrative work like registering persons.

Crisis Information (krisinformation.se) is a website providing information from the Swedish authorities to the citizens during crises and emergency situations. On this website, important phone numbers, warnings, and other instructions and verified information are provided. The aim is to provide reliable information to the Swedish population, to minimise the risk of the spread of false information and to help citizens to find information when a crisis occurs. The website is also available through social media, such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram, as well as in an application format.

HartslagNu is an app that notifies civilian first responders if a sudden out-of-hospital circulatory arrest (OHCA) occurs close to their location. The aim is to reduce the response time to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In the case emergency services are called for a suspected OHCA, the dispatch centre activates the HartslagNu system simultaneously with two ambulances. The HartslagNu users, i.e., the civilian first responders, closest to the incident get a request to help. Those who approve are then directed to the OHCA scene where they can start CPR or to an automated external defibrillator (AED) that they can bring to the OCHA scene. HartslagNu has been found to be effective in increasing the survival of OHCA victims as civilian first responders can act before the arrival of the ambulance and paramedics. The attendance to a CPR training within the last two years is required to handle as a civilian first responder. Course dates are registered by the users in the HartslagNu app. Three months before the two-years period expiration, the users receive a reminder to attend a new course.

The EUSKALMET App aims to increase citizen awareness about weather conditions in the Basque Country. The application informs citizens about extreme meterological conditions that are occurring, or about to occur in this region. It provides information about the current weather situation, a 7-day forecast, and a 3-day weather warning with information about the risk level of the warning. It is a Progressive Web Application with a one-way communication channel, coming from the Department of Security of the Basque Government. The app is used as a measure to spread information, rise awareness and prepare citizens located in the Basque country.

TrygFonden Hjerteløber is an app that notifies citizen responders if a sudden out-of-hospital circulatory arrest (OHCA) occurs close to their location, so they can start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as quickly as possible before the arrival of the ambulance and paramedics. When emergency services are called for a suspected OHCA, the dispatch centre activates the Hjerteløber system simultaneously with an ambulance. The closest citizen responders are requested to help, and those who approve are either directed to the OHCAscene where they can start CPR or to an automated external defibrillator (AED) that they can bring to the OHCA scene. Several studies conducted by researchers at the Copenhagen University Hospital have shown that Hjerteløber is effective in increasing the survival of OHCA victims. Anyone can become a citizen responder. Based on the idea that to do something is better than to do nothing, no CPR course is mandatory. The 112 personnel may guide citizen responders in providing help. Hjerteløber is built upon the Swedish software system Heartrunner. It was introduced in Denmark with the support of Trydfonden, a foundation that aims at creating more security in Demark. Supported by politicians, the system has been adopted in the whole Denmark after successful piloting.

TweetTracker is a web application developed by Arizona State University, Phoenix USA. It is a tool to track, analyse and understand activity on Twitter. This enables emergency responders to search and track the population's tweets about specific disasters or events geographically. This contributes to the emergency responders insight into the situation, and may be used as information for necessary actions. The system analyses Twitter feeds to extract and rank popular hashtags, mentions and URLs. It can also provide time filters, geographical maps for tagged tweets and word clouds for popular terms. The TweetTracker is similar to the web application Ushahidi, which applies the same techniques but instead of focusing only on disasters, they focus on a wider scale of events.

The Hackney Wick Scrubs Hub are sowing scrubs for health care workers in the British National Health Services (NHS). During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the NHS experienced shortages in scrub supplies. A local doctor contacted the Hackney Wick group, and asked for support. The Hackney Wick voluntary network consisted of people with interest and skills in sowing established the Hackney Wick Scrub Hub. The network was sowing scrubs for health workers located in North-East London. The initiative was started by four women with experience from the fashion industry, but it eventually grew to consist of over 50 volunteers. The initiative also spread to other places, and over 120 sewing hubs were created across England.

My EMS ("My MDA" in Hebrew) is an app for communicating with Israel's emergency medical services. It allows to chat with the health centre in several languages, to make video calls, send pictures and update relevant health information. The app can also send the location of the individual even when there is no available network, along with critical medical information. It also provides videos with basic information on what to do in a health emergency. In emergencies, the app can also contact the Emergency Medical Services (EMS), also supporting people with hearing or vision disabilities. The design of the application is simple and the app is expected to be easy to use for most groups. When individuals contact the EMS, their information is already at that point received by the emergency services. Although the app could be very useful for elderly, a challenge is to accelerate adoption in that user group.

Virtual Operations Support Teams (VOST) applied to emergency management and disaster recovery is an effort to make use of new communication technologies and social media tools by relying on volunteers. The aim is that a team of trusted and carefully recruited volunteers can lend support via the internet to those on-site who may otherwise be overwhelmed by the volume of data generated during a disaster. VOST can also be used to share useful information with citizens and amplify dissemination of key messages. VOST is implemented in several European countries. The cope of VOST applications varies from country to country. Whereas VOST Portugal also develops digital tools for emergencies, the French-speaking VOST (called VISOV) provides advice to the population through Twitter and cooperates with French authorities by creating collaborative maps in the case of crises.

The regional school tsunami project was initiated in 2017 by the Japanese government in collaboration with the United Nations to prepare the Japanese society for future tsunamis. After suffering a great tsunami in 2011, Japan sought to increase the general tsunami preparedness in society. Teachers and school administrators from over 300 schools have been trained in tsunami preparedness. A key aspect of the program was to implement emergency drills in order to enhance evacuation behaviour during disasters. The emergency drills assisted schools in drafting evacuation plans, made evacuation routes safer and contributed to the procurement of essential items. It also may facilitate sharing the consensus and confidence on evacuation policy among community members as well as reduce delays, risk of drowning and casualties in the next catastrophe.

Emergency preparedness Information brochures are a solution used by authorities in several countries, and are developed to provide important information about actions before and during a crisis. In Sweden, these are sent out to all households, with the purpose to help citizens to become better prepared for crisis or war. The types of crisis addressed by the Swedish brochure are accidents, extreme weather, IT attacks, military attacks and other types of conflicts. The brochure explains what you should do if a crisis occurs, and provides lists for home preparedness and information on different warning systems. It also covers how citizens should deal with information or disinformation after an incident, and what to do after terror attacks. The Swedish authorities also provide information about defense capabilities and their expectations to citizens contribution to the total defense. The Norwegian brochure has a narrower focus than the Swedish one. Its purpose is to give advice on simple measures each household can perform to improve home preparedness for crisis or war situations. The Norwegian brochure lists food, equipment, medicines and other supplies to procure for home preparedness. The list is set up to allow people to survive 72 hours in their homes.

The Be Ready Caravan is designed as a mobile training centre, built on the structure of a truck. The purpose of the caravan is to raise awareness in the population about what to do in case of an emergency, and particularly an earthquake. This is done by arranging events throughout Romania where the caravan is used for giving information and teaching basic first aid skills. It has an extendable part, which is used as a classroom with a capacity of 40 people. In addition, the caravan is equipped with medical and first aid equipment and portable devices, including simulators. In addition to visiting cities and different parts of the country as part of its yearly calendar, the caravan is also sent to mass events such as concerts, festivals, or at sea during the summer season.

The awareness campaigns is about making citizens aware of the risks they face at their homes, mainly concerning fires, explosions and improvisations that can cause victims and damages. These campaigns aim at reducing the number of home fires, but also the number of victims and material damage. They also aim to reduce the number of fires and explosions caused by improvisations in electrical and natural gas installations in citizens' homes. Examples: - FIRE Campaign - Flames kill children (2012) - Risk Campaign - Give Up! House improvisation are dangerous (Part I - 2013) - Risk Campaign - Safety is not a gambling (Part 2 - 2014) - Risk Campaign - Safety is not a gambling (Part 3 - 2015) - Risk Campaign - You're better prepared than died (Part 4 -2016) - Risk Campaign - You're better prepared than died (Part 5 -2018) Limitations are directly linked to statistics (impact) and national coverage of these campaigns, mainly if the population becomes more aware regarding the risks they face within their homes.

The DSU Mobile Application reports useful information for emergency management. The application informs and prepares the population to deal with daily emergencies, and provides access to real-time information and alerts in case of a disaster. The app may be used in multiple situations such as official communications and press releases addressed to the population, as well as allowing witnesses to report accidents and send pictures from the field. Emergency services can see the amplitude of the incident and scale the number of emergency forces that will take part in the operation. The app is used at the national and local level, and Inspectorate for Emergency Situations in all Romanian counties has dedicated personnel in charge of the application. A function in the app makes it possible for citizens to select the cities and/or counties for which they to receive news, updates and alerts. A limitation of the app is that the server may go down on various occasions for a limited period of time due to maintenance services, information updates, or overloaded web servers.

The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 aims to build the resilience of nations and communities to natural hazards and disasters. The prioritised actions are related to several measures. Making disaster risk prevention a national and local commitment and a priority is an essential step for building resilient societies. It is also important to detect the risks and hazards that may occur in a specific area, and to enhance early warning to the population. A measure is to spread knowledge about hazards to civil societies, and to locate and detect vulnerable areas to reduce risks. Another measure is to prepare the societies for possible actions when a crisis occurs. This program was the predecessor of the Making Cities Resilient 2030 program which is reference framework in the field of city resilience.

The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART) is a theory-based and evidence-informed community intervention designed to enhance community resilience by bringing stakeholders together to address community issues in a process that includes assessment, feedback, planning, and action. Tools include a field-tested community resilience survey and other assessment and analytical instruments. The CART process encourages public engagement in problem-solving and the development and use of local assets to address community needs. CART uses four interrelated domains that contribute to community resilience: connection and caring, resources, transformative potential, and disaster management. The primary value of CART is its contribution to community participation, communication, self-awareness, cooperation, and critical reflection and its ability to stimulate analysis, collaboration, skill building, resource sharing, and purposeful action.

'Rescuers from passion' is a campaign that aims to increase resilience at the community level by training paramedics. In this way, the volunteering paramedics can become small ambassadors of their community. The campaign started as a pilot project in Romania and grew to a large scale project that periodically enrol people with various age and profession. The campaign seeks to create an ever closer link between civil society and professional emergency services, by actively involving volunteers in solving problems that communities face. The activities consist of participation in responding to emergency situations (e.g., fires, floods, natural disasters, epidemics), acquiring skills in first aid and provide first aid, involvement in humanitarian aid as well as promoting preventive emergency measures among citizens.The training of the volunteers is conducted stepwise through a set of training sessions. The training ends with exams.

The IBERO Protocol guides the standardisation of procedures and resources towards the improved coordination between responders in intentional incidents with multiple victims. The aim is to reduce the time for pre-hospital care and transfer of victims to definitive treatment centres, and thus to improve their chances of survival. The protocol supports the interaction between the different actors responding to emergencies and disasters. The actors were identified inline with the Hartford Consensus. They include immediate interveners (at the scene of the incident and, therefore, potential victims), first responders and medical personnel in care centres. The protocol was launched by the Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine. The acronym IBERO stands for "Información, Bloqueo de la amenaza, Escalonamiento, Respuesta y rescate, y Orden y evacuación", meaning "Information, Blocking the threat, Escalation, Response and rescue, and Order and evacuation", which define the sequence of the activities to be followed when dealing with emergencies and disasters.

TimeBank can be used as a tool to establish a network of civilian participation in the response and recovery from crisis. The foundation of TimeBank is based on the trading of skills. Tasks are measured by the time they take to complete. Tasks are paid in credit, where 1 hour of work equals 1 credit. A credit can then again be exchanged against new services. After the earthquake in New Zealand in 2011, TimeBank was used to assist emergency services and played a large role in the recovery process. TimeBank helped detecting already active civilian networks, as well as establishing the available time of each participant.

Riskmap is an app that enables citizen participation in collecting, displaying and disseminating infomation on a map. The app is relying on data from social media, input provided by social media bots and citizens. The main focuses are on urban environments and flood events. The localized data voluntarily provided by individual citizens in flood report cards, help to share information about flood levels in specific areas and to give orientation in flooded cities. Through its participative element, the solution contribute to build community resilience.

Second Life provides a virtual space where users can access a range of tools as a means of informing, educating, empowering and warning participants in emergency scenarios, both real and simulated. The solution is posited as a media tool with clear advantages for the training of emergency services professionals and citizens in the community, as well as for critical thinking and decision-making. Second Life provides an online forum in which participants can interact, communicate and simulate action in a complex 3D graphic environment. A platform like Second Life may for example provide a virtual solution for communication challenges in the case where communities are too remote, too dispersed or even too numerous to be easily accessible in the field.

EU Modex is a simulation exercise promoting a well-coordinated joint response to disasters. A joint approach further helps to pool the expertise and capacities of first responders, avoids duplication of relief efforts, and ensures that assistance meets the needs of those affected. Pooling together civil protection capacities and capabilities allows for a stronger and more coherent collective response. The exercise has been implemented in at least 8 EU countries since 2015. Here we are focusing on the one that was carried out in Romania in 2018. It was a huge-scale exercise, simulating the event of an Earthquake and all the mass casualties that could result from such an event. The importance of the solution is that it helps in anticipating the needs of different organisations participating in the response activities to large-scale casualties.

The Civil Guard is a volunteer organisation in Israel consisting of citizens that assist in daily police work. It is a subdivision of the Israeli police force, in the division of "Police and Community". The Civil Guard is managed, trained and supported by the police which provide weapons, equipment, and police officers who command local Civil Guard bases. Although the Civil Guard is operated by the police, its manpower consists mainly of civilian volunteers. The Civil Guard contribute with different tasks, and has an important role in larger events. One example is the management of traffic jams following massive evacuation during disasters.

Making Cities Resilient 2030 (MCR2030) is a campaign launched by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. The main aim is to rise awareness of risk reduction and resilience in cities. The campaign is primary aimed at local governments and politicians to help them achieve important agreements such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement. The program offers several meeting points, and participants share knowledge and previous experiences from different cities. An additional aim of this campaign was to attempt to connect different layers of city governance closer, including the citizens.

The Israeli Ministry of Health (Magen David Adom) emergency services developed COVID-19 Webinars during the pandemic in 2020. Webinars with important information about the COVID-19 pandemic were held, in which participants were able to ask questions in Q&A sessions. This solution allowed the emergency services to identify what kind of information the public was interested in, and to prepare for answering their questions and providing the right information. Several webinars were held, not only targeting the general public, but also emergency professionals and first responders.

Corona Guardian is a solution developed by the Israeli emergency services in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the emergency services, the main aim was to train people to become "guardians" within organisations, for assuming specific responsibilities related to COVID-19 rules. These people were trained on instructions from the Israeli Ministry of Health, such as regulations and social distancing, and had the responsibility to share them and follow their application within their organisations.

"Community opinion leaders" is a solution implemented at the national or community level, that leverages the influence of opinion leaders to disseminate information, thereby guiding public opinion. An opinion leader is a respected figure within a specific group, either in a formal or voluntary capacity, who imparts details and insights to less active members of the group. These leaders enjoy significant trust within their communities. With their deep-rooted connections, they wield substantial influence over the group's collective opinion. A prime example of this are religious leaders. During the COVID-19 pandemic, regional health organisations disseminated pandemic-related information through various religious and cultural opinion leaders. For instance, the Arab society received crucial updates through religious leaders during mosque prayers. The judicious selection of these opinion leaders is pivotal, ensuring they are credible and endorsed within their communities. Studies and anecdotal evidence have indicated that greater cooperation and compliance were witnessed in communities where information channels included these opinion leaders. However, a key challenge of this approach is ensuring the willingness of opinion leaders to collaborate with formal authorities and organizations. Furthermore, this method might sometimes overshadow direct communication channels, limiting the authorities' direct outreach to a substantial segment of the public.

The vigías volunteer network is engaged in volcano monitoring of the volcano Tungurahua in Ecuador, and has existed since the year 2000. The group of volunteers are monitoring the volcano and are collecting scientific data. The observational data are applied by scientists in different kinds of research, and are used in many ways to reduce volcanic risk. The vigías network is used as a communication channel to increase awareness of the general population and to help civilians to understand the different hazards. It may be used as an early warning system to protect civilians, and it may contribute to enhanced preparedness in case of volcanic eruption.

Stroke 119 is an app with the purpose of aiding patients with self-screening and information when a stroke is suspected. The app includes a stroke screening tool and presents information on symptoms and the prescribed actions when it is occurring. It shows cartoons of what facial palsy and arm weaknesses would look like and provides reading exercises for the patient to test. Stroke 119 also presents information about hospitals nearby that provide thrombolytic treatment. The app may contribute to decrease the hospital arrival time. The thrombolytic treatment is time-dependent, and early arrival to hospitals is beneficial.

Crisis Information Management (CIM) is a standard tool for emergency preparedness and crisis management in Norwegian municipalities. It enables information logging, information sharing, notification and mobilisation of citizens and other preparedness organisations. The main contribution is that most emergency organisations, municipalities and county governors use the same tool to manage crises, which enables for example good collaboration and familiarity across users. It further enables mobilising resources and effective crisis communication. For example, in the case of a water contamination in a municipality, the system is used for notifying citizens by text messages (SMS) to boil the water. Since it is a crisis management tool, it needs to be paid attention to maintaining skills and competence in using the tool during normal operation.

BLITZEN is a Publicly owned service, attached to the Department of Employment and Social Policies of the Basque Government contributes to adapting regulations, and professional practices to the diversity that exists in Basque society. The main contribution to the community, resilience is the improvement of the capacity of the Basque society to manage, in an inclusive way, cultural diversity and the coexistence between the different cultural groups. It aims to incorporate different perspectives for promoting integration and inclusiveness, such as interculturality, diversity, lack of discrimination, and equal treatment. Blitzen is a program focused on facilitating social integration and intercultural exchange. The objective of this service is to stimulate dialogue between the different cultural communities present in Basque society and between them and the Administration. For that, they carry out different activities: · Design and evaluation of policies focused on managing diversity equity and against discriminatory behaviour · Integration of intercultural perspective in policies · Improvement of norms and policies to consider diversity and equality · Creation of awareness programs and resources to decrease racism and discrimination. · Participatory programmes to strengthen social cohesion

The INR-T is an information campaign launched by multiple Italian governmental and non-governmental actors working with natural hazards. The campaign is used as a measure to inform the population about how to prevent risk in relation to natural hazards, and how to act when disasters occur. The information campaign aims to engage with the local populations and to train them with information on the scientific basis of the risk, how to prevent risks, what to do in case of emergency, warnings, and whom to contact. The objectives are to increase awareness, to create more knowledge and to promote best practice guidelines on response measures among citizens. Governmental and non-governmental organisations educate volunteers with information about different natural hazards such as flooding, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami and others. The role of these volunteers in the information campaigns is disseminating information to the population by meeting in public spaces.

This solution provides a governmental level plan to prevent radicalisation and violent extremism. It was developed and implemented after the 22 July terror attack in Norway. The action plan promotes anti-radicalisation work in each police district in the country, as well as providing courses for among others non-governmental organisations, religious organisations, and sports teams. The action plan aims to foster health and social networks for potential persons at risk of radicalisation, to enhance informal anti-radicalisation efforts, and to improve emergency organisations and non-governmental organisations' ability to identify individuals with potential for radicalisation and violent extremism. The action plan was created in 2014 and revised in 2019.

The Heat Health Action Plan was developed in Italy to improve awareness of and reduce heat related health impacts. The main purpose of this solution is to raise awareness and to provide coordinated response between different policy makers and stakeholders in the community. The interaction of the plan is bilateral between institutions, emergency services, non-governmental organisations, and the health system, specifically in that they manage the plan and ensure prevention, preparedness and response. Population subgroups at risk during heat waves are the target group of the action to whom prevention measures and awareness campaigns are addressed to. Main components of the plan are a Heat Health Watch Warning Systems, a Daily Mortality Surveillance System, local prevention plans, guidelines for the prevention of the effects of heat on health, and identification of population subgroups at risk for the effects of heat ("susceptible"). The heat plan is reguarly evaluated in all its components and epidemiological studies have shown and a positive effect of the plan in terms of an reduction in heat-related mortality in years following the intorduction of the heat wave plan.

The Norwegian Index for Emergency Medical Assistance is an index for people answering emergency calls. It is a compilation of questions that is asked while people on the accident site are waiting for the emergency response teams to appear. The questions are related to location, the scope of the accident, the status of the patient and other things relevant. The index also contains questions more specific to the disease or accident that occurred. The information collected through these questions help the emergency services to coordinate and mobilise the right resources, and to get an overview of the accident site. The calls are recorded, and the questions asked may be verified.

The "Don't Shake At Earthquake" is an awareness campaign focusing on preparedness in case of an earthquake. The main objective of the campaign is raising awareness, informing, and preparing the public to react correctly if an earthquake occurs. The campaign consists of six videos, and each video lasts for 30 seconds. The videos are animated and show what to do if an earthquake happens and how to act in different environments, for example at work, at the mall, or in school. A couple of videos explain how you should prepare your home in case of an earthquake, and general rules of conduct.

The social media strategy was developed by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) to streamline the activity and appearance of the institute on social media. The aim is to communicate the NIPH's messages and advice to the public especially, and to disseminate information based on their basis of knowledge in general. Moreover, social media functions as a listening post, in which one can get insight into the opinions of target groups, as well as get input and feedback on their own work. The NIPH has an active presence on different social media accounts (Facebook and Instagram in particular) and seeks to reply to questions and comments from social media users. The strategy provides broader guidelines that employees working with the institute's social media accounts must abide by, which ensures that the institute works in the same direction. Based on the strategy, there are more detailed guidelines on for example which language to use, how to report to the next person on duty, how to use the social media management tool (Retriever RelationDesk), and when to close comment sections.

Dopomoha.ro is an information and support platform for refugees who request help in Romania. The web platform named Dopomoha, which means "Care for Romania", was developed as a response to the refugee crisis during the war in Ukraine. It allows NGOs, (unorganised) volunteers, and private companies to register their available resources, such as transport, food and housing. Moreover, national and UN agencies located in Romania can access and make use of the resources to help the refugees, for example with finding safe housing. Hence, the platform is a form of inventory where resources and needs can be matched in a similar way as done in sharing economy platforms. Currently, the solution is available in English, Russian and Ukrainian. The NGO Code4Romania has developed the platform in open source-code.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, health authorities worldwide used chatbots to provide information about the pandemic, vaccines, symptoms, and other questions to the public. This one was created by the WHO in partnership with Sprinklr. The chatbot is reachable to everyone over the Facebook Messenger in English, French, Spanish, and Arabic. It is the Facebook Messenger version of the WHO Health Alert platform, that is also reachable via WhatsApp in Arabic, English, French, Hindi, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. The chatbot can give information about the latest situation, symptoms and how to protect yourself and others. Because Facebook is so widespread and WHO has a large platform due to its notoriety, the reach of the chatbot is very wide. The aim of the chatbot is to quickly inform everyone about the current situation, answer simple questions and disseminate verified information to avoid misinformation.

In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the world food program-led Emergency (WFP) Telecommunications Cluster (ETC) launched a mobile chatbot to aid people living in Ukraine. The chatbot is part of a set of solutions for communication services in humanitarian emergencies. The chatbot let people find information where, when and how to get the support they need. The chatbot allows individuals to apply for assistance directly to various humanitarian organisations in Ukrainian. It also allows humanitarian organisations to take a scalable, electronic, hands-off approach to fielding queries and delivering information to the people in Ukraine.

Clara is a chatbot aimed at disaster survivors, to assist them to get the aid and resources they need, and to provide information about the Red Cross. Clara can answer questions about several topics: (1) disaster response – looking up for local shelters or getting financial assistance; (2) financial donations – where to donate to how to get help with a donation; (3) volunteering – how to apply or volunteer remotely; (4) training service – how to register for courses; (5) service to the armed forces – resources for veterans or members of the military; (6) international services – information about the American red cross' relief efforts. The chatbot is part of the Red Cross website.

PetaBencana.id is an Indonesian web platform that crowdsources social media data to map floods and other disasters in real-time, enabling residents and government agencies to spread information to the public. Addressing the platform or tagging it in social media, results in a link to the website in which a user can provide data and then get the relevant information to him/her about disasters close by. In addition, individuals can send pictures from the affected area to facilitate alerts.

A Handbook called "Protect What Matters Most" was created to assist South Australian households in boosting their financial resilience before, during, and after emergencies. The handbook was created by Good Shepherd Australia New Zealand and funded by the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs and the South Australian State Government from the Preparing Australia Package and the Natural Disaster Resilience Program Australia. This handbook provides people with some simple instructions to follow so that they are prepared financially and can recover quickly in the event of a calamity. The handbook offers guidance to understand risks, protect valuables, navigate insurance, and find where to get help. The guide provides space to fill in the questions directly and includes examples, concrete figures to calculate values, and contact information for organisations that can help prepare for or deal with crisis situations.

Within the framework of the work of the Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance, Practical Action and its local partner, the Village Education Resource Centre, launched the resilience agents in Bangladesh. The local resilience agents are a community-based group responsible for sending out early warnings, building and strengthening relationships with government, advising communities, creating databases, and identifying those most at risk. The resilience agents are provided with learning opportunities in their interests to inform and acquire new skills in areas such as early warning, flood management, first aid, community risk assessment, gender, leadership, or COVID-19 prevention. The groups of local resilience agents are composed of different social groups: elected officials at the district level, members of the Union Disaster Management Committee, vulnerable women, social workers, and students. At least 50 % of the members are women. Especially in countries where there is a strong gender gap and women are often poorer and have less say than men, the new role of resilience agents gives them a better standing in society.

Emergency WA is an Australian website with a map-based display of information with up-to-date emergency information from across Western Australia. The information on the website is coordinated by the Department of Fire and Emergency Services on behalf of the Government of Western Australia. The website's information is derived from a number of organizations, including the State and Federal Governments. This includes information on occurrences that the general public has reported to the government as well as alerts and warnings from emergency services. The alert system is based on the Australian Warning System and includes three phases: 'advice', 'watch and act', and 'emergency'. The notifications would be sent via the Western Australia Emergency website, ABC Radio, and other broadcasters. The site provides information on traffic accidents, hazardous material occurrences, fires, floods, storms, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The location, status, and type of emergency, as well as the time of information, are communicated. In addition to the map, Emergency WA shows information about various local risks, how to prepare for and recover from disasters, how to protect yourself, and where to find help. It is recommended to look for supplementary information on the local Australian Broadcasting Corporation radio station or 6PR and to follow emergency services on Facebook and Twitter.

Community Recovery Committees are volunteer-led organisations that help communities recover from disasters. The committees were established after severe bushfires in Australia. Through the local and community-led approach, support programmes, the reconstruction and the rebuilding process are tailored to the community, their voices are heard, their knowledge is used, and they are at the centre of planning and implementation. Some of their tasks include gathering information, setting community goals, advocating for the needs of the community, and organising or supporting activities. Based on their research, a group of scientists have produced guidelines on how governments can support these committees after bushfires. Their research addressed, how government can best support community-led decision-making processes in recovery; and how they can use existing and emerging community organisations, structures, and networks in the aftermath of a disaster.

This workbook is promoted by the Japanese Cabinet Secretariat to build national resilience and create a society that is strong and flexible enough to overcome disasters in the best possible way. The 20-page workbook is designed for children and has many pictures and short texts in English. In addition to the visuals, there is space to answer questions or draw something. Firstly, it explains what nature gifts the people, what damage heavy rain and earthquakes can cause, which dangers the aftermath of disasters can cause, and how to counter them. The children are challenged to think about what self-help, mutual help, and public help can look like. After some more in-depth information on how societies can prepare for and protect themselves from disasters, the children can use their new knowledge to draw their own version of a resilient city. At the end, they are invited to talk to their families about what they have learned about risk and resilience.

The goal of the "Safety Tips" app by the Japan Tourism Agency is to create an atmosphere in which visitors may travel about Japan with more confidence. The App can be used in English, Japanese, Hangul, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Vietnamese, Spanish, Portuguese, Thai, Indonesian, Tagalog, Nepali, Khmer, Burmese, and Mongolian. It includes an evacuation flowchart that explains what evacuation behaviours are necessary for the given situations, a communication card that can be used to receive information from Japanese people, and valuable links that provide information in times of catastrophes such as emergency shelters. With push notifications, the app can alert its users to weather warnings, earthquake warnings, tsunami warnings, and more. The developers of the "Safety Tips" app also made the API (Application Programming Interface) available to other developers, so that tourists can receive important warnings and alerts through various channels and apps. As an example, the app “Japan Official Travel App” from the Japan National Tourism Agency was developed to make traveling in Japan safe and easy for foreigners. The app provides travel guide content, route search and navigation, and basic information like rules, medical assistance, embassy contact details, instructions to emergency shelters, and communication cards with important words for individuals who do not speak Japanese. All this information is provided by the distribution service of the "Safety Tips API".

In the US, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) offers an app for disaster warnings and information on how to prepare for and behave during and after a disaster, including finding shelters and filing insurance claims. The app was released in 2022 and is an improved version of the original FEMA app with new features, easier to understand and simpler to use. The different used cases for the app are described in the three phases prepare, protect, and recover. To prepare for crises, the app offers basic information about disasters, shows, for example, how to create an emergency plan for the family, and much more. To know what is going on and protect yourself the app alerts you in case of weather or emergency warnings in your area. There is also a function to find a shelter near you. In the recovery phase of a disaster, you can find information if your region is eligible for FEMA assistance, the location of the next disaster recovery center, and more. To make the app usable for as many as possible an inclusive design with for example screen reader technology is implemented.

"Shelter Finder" is a student-developed website that aids first responders and emergency services in connecting the homeless population in the US to open beds in nearby shelters. The online service was developed in Davis, California (US) by Citrus Circus, the local high school robotics team, in collaboration with the police. It is designed to make it easier to find a free, suitable place in a shelter. The shelter can post available places in real-time. The number of places can be specified, differentiated by gender, and an option for families. First responders, but also normal citizens can find the shelter on a map with the number of available beds, contact information, and a description of the shelter.

Disaster Alert is a free mobile app that can warn and alert of hazards around the world. The app was developed by the Pacific Disaster Centre, or PDC Global, a research centre run by the University of Hawaii. The app, which is based on PDC's Disaster AWARE platform, can send alerts on 18 different types of threats in near real-time. Disaster Alert provides customisable early warnings, estimated impact reports and modelled hazard data, geographic data such as population density, infrastructure or rainfall distribution with location, proximity, and severity. Disaster Alert obtains data from reliable, scientifically verified sources such as NASA, the National Weather Service, or the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition to the app, there is also a website that shows current dangers on a world map.

The “Get Ready” website from the National Emergencies Management Agency provides information on risks in New Zealand as well as advice on how to prepare for an emergency. It is designed in a simple and appealing way with pictures and videos that also address children. The website describes different types of hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, storms, tsunamis, and volcanic activity and how to prepare for them, encounter them and what to do once they have occurred. The different areas of life at work, school and home are highlighted and for each of these places there is guidance on how to identify risks and create your own emergency plan. The focus is on knowing the dangers, being prepared, and engaging in preparing oneself, one's entourage and one's society for crises.

The Disaster Multimedia Toolkit is compiled by FEMA, the American Federal Emergency Management Agency on their website. The toolkit is designed for media and FEMA's external partners who are looking for material that can be used during or after a crisis. It includes downloadable multimedia materials in several languages like flyers, graphics, videos, live announcer scripts, and graphics. The appropriate graphics can be searched for by keyword and filtered by topic and language. As an extension, there is also the website ready.gov/toolkits with a social media preparedness toolkit related to the pre-disaster phase.

The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System, or IPAWS, of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the USA is a nationwide federal alerting system that sends out authenticated emergency and life-saving information to the public. Alert and warning messages are disseminated through various channels: via mobile phones using Wireless Emergency Alerts, via radio and television through an Emergency Alert System, and via the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's weather radio. The alarm is raised in four steps: 1. A public alarm can be triggered by federal, state, territorial, tribal, and local officials. This makes them the alerting authorities. 2. In the second step, the sender and the format of the alert are validated. For this purpose, the alerting authority sends a common alerting protocol alert to the IPAWAS-Open Platform for emergency networks. 3. After a positive validation, the alert is transmitted to the public. This is done through a private-sector partner system. The alert is sent via the emergency alert system, wireless emergency alert, NOAA weather radio, and internet-enabled devices. Future technologies can be easily integrated into the system. 4. In the last step, the warning reaches the public.

This planning guide is intended to assist local governments in preparing for recovery by developing pre-disaster recovery plans that follow a process that engages members of the entire community, develops recovery capabilities across governmental and nongovernmental partners, and eventually creates an organizational framework for comprehensive local recovery efforts. The guide was developed by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency in 2017. The idea behind the guide is to pick up on the fact that recovery depends heavily on local leadership, local planning and the interest of the whole community, citizens and stakeholders in a successful recovery. Planning in advance of a crisis ensures an organized approach in the event of a crisis. A planning framework helps to address existing local needs, use available resources, and take or increase opportunities to improve local resilience, sustainability, accessibility, and social justice. By agreeing on needs, vulnerabilities, identifying leaders, building partnerships, and deciding on goals and strategies in advance, the recovery process can begin without delays and uncertainties.

The Community Recovery Management Toolkit is compiled by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency. After a crisis, in the recovery process, local leadership is under intense pressure and must manage many tasks at once. This toolkit is designed to help them do their job in the best possible way and to ensure a just, thoughtful, resilient rebuilding at the same time. Some of the tools presented include the involvement of citizens or the organization of volunteers. A quick search makes it easy to find the information you need, rather than having to go through all the categories. The resources in the toolbox are grouped into these four main categories: The category "organizing and lead", is about how community leadership and stakeholders can organize and coordinate to jointly assess, prioritize, engage partners, and coordinate resources.The “assess, plan, and decide” category is about local leaders being the link between federal, state and NGO officials and their community. They should therefore represent their community and its needs. After a crisis, there are many financial resources that you need to get an overview of and for which you need to carefully analyse your claims. The resources in the "identify programs & resources" category will help you with this. The last category deals with how to "manage grants and finances." Although grants are an important financial resource to fill the gaps in the communities' economies, the applications and processes are complicated. This section is intended to help identify and apply for the appropriate grants, despite stress and possible understaffing.

The US Federal Emergency Management Agency provides this "Roadmap to Federal Resources for Disaster Recovery". It has been made through the collaboration of various ministries and agencies, to support communities in their recovery after a disaster. The guide is designed to help state, local, tribal, and territorial entities to apply for federal funding programmes after a disaster. It includes funding programmes for the different post-crisis phases: short-term, medium-term, and long-term; and outlines how the available federal funding programmes can be coordinated with each other. Example solutions are given for potential problems that may arise in the process. The points for reconstruction are economy, health and social services, housing, infrastructure system, natural and cultural resources, and community planning, and capacity building. Indirectly, all support programmes should have an impact on citizens. Some, such as "food and nutrition service programs" can also have a direct impact by providing food in schools to prevent students from having food insecurity.

The "climate-related disaster community resilience framework" was developed by a team of researchers in the preparedness, crisis, and natural disaster field. Using a mixed-methods study, they wanted to investigate exciting early warning and monitoring systems for extreme weather events such as flash floods, mudslides, and landslides in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan. The aim of their work was to identify gaps and needs of the population to provide guidelines for the development of a multi-hazard early warning system to reduce disaster losses and build societal resilience. Their final recommendations state that early warning systems should link all hazard-related systems. In addition, the warning system should be people-centred, involve local communities and incorporate local indigenous knowledge and information about the hazards and risks. To reach everyone, the system should be tailored to the different vulnerable groups. To develop an effective and sustainable warning system, there must be good cooperation between the different institutional and governmental levels involved and the local community.

The UNDP Tsunami Story Books are created to reach children of an age between six and eleven years. As part of the program ‘Strengthening School Tsunami Preparedness in Asia-Pacific’ from the United Nations and the government of Japan the books deal with tsunamis in a child-oriented way in English and Japanese. Each book features a different main character, representing various groups of the community in different situations and their experience with a Tsunami. First the main character and their activities are presented, then they experience different signs of the tsunami. Their reactions and feelings during the disaster are described and in the end the characters reflect on what has happened. Their story is told with illustrations and short texts on ten to twelve pages. The aim of the books is to explain to children the magnitude of a tsunami and how to prepare for it.

Red Cross ‘Paré pas Paré’ is a project on the Reunion Island to increase risk awareness within the population, particularly young people, about the risks of natural disasters. The island is particularly threatened by natural disasters with risks for cyclones, landslides, flooding, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, seismic activities, and tsunamis. The project works on three axes: 1. Relevant partners in the field of preventive information are gathered to form a network and decide about relevant information. In the case of Paré pas Paré, this includes, among others, the local civil defence, the French National Meteorological Service, the National Forests Office, and the French Geological Survey. 2. To reach and inform the general population, measures such as radio and television broadcasts, as well as representation at major events, are used. 3. In the schools, the students are made aware of the risks and educated about the correct behaviour before, during, and after natural disasters through playful information material, workbooks, and field trips. The project has an educational kit for both schools and the public which is available on their website. It Includes booklets, a workbook, posters, and games around the subject of natural disasters.

The ‘Lost Homes Project’ was created after the great earthquake and tsunami in Japan in 2011. The architect and professor Osamu Tsukihashi and his students wanted to help the communities that lost their villages and towns to the Tsunami. To create a place of memory Osamu Tsukihashi and his students build white paper models of the affected communities at 1:500 scale. After constructing the basic models, they were brought to the respective locations where townspeople and the students would paint the model and fill it with details and memories of the community before the Tsunami. This collective arts and crafts experience is designed to help the residents mourn, commemorate, come together, and talk about their former communities lost to the Tsunami. In some cases, the models also played a role in the rebuilding process. In addition, the model forms a place of remembrance, not only for those affected but also for younger generations and people who were not personally affected by the disaster.

> This solution is a toolkit on disaster risk awareness and education developed by the Red Cross to support their employees and volunteers, especially in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It contains a methodological guide to develop educational projects for risk awareness. The guide presents five stages of a project-planning-circle: the identification of needs, the project design, planning, implementation as well as monitoring and evaluation. Each phase is described, advice and examples are given, case studies are listed and links to tools and key references are given. > The toolkit on disaster risk awareness and education gives information and guidance how to build up an educational project for your specific needs.

The 'Japan Special Needs Evacuation Plan' is an Individual Evacuation Plan designed for individuals with special needs who require evacuation assistance, and it is a supplement to the general evacuation plan. Due to the high incidence of natural hazards and a change in the official regulations in 2021, Japanese welfare institutions must make individual evacuation plans for persons needing support during an evacuation. The first step is to identify people needing special evacuation assistance, such lists are mandatory for Japanese municipalities. In the next step, a professional social worker assesses the functional needs of the person. After that, there is a coordination meeting with the client and all relevant actors like family members as well, welfare professionals, administrative staff, NGOs, and neighbours as evacuation supporters. Together they plan who can do what to help in case of an evacuation. After the individual evacuation plan has been drafted it is verified through inclusive evacuation drills and can then be adapted or adopted. This solution not only helps people who need assistance during an evacuation but also enables personal relationships to be built between residents with and without disabilities.

This Chatbot was created by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020 for use in the USA. The tool is a pandemic-related chatbot accessible via a website. Its purpose is to help US communities make decisions concerning tests and isolation. The chatbot asks questions about the last test, the kind of the test, symptoms, the housing situation, and contact with other people. From the answers, it concludes whether one is likely to have covid or not. Depending on the result, the tool recommends appropriate behaviour and provides links with more information on how to proceed. The chatbot is developed as a decision support for healthcare providers, facility administrators, people in the general community, and non-healthcare facilities. The tool provides information on where the health facilities themselves can obtain information. It is also emphasised that the mandated regular tests (from schools, universities, and so on) should always be carried out, regardless of the outcome of the chatbot.

Le Bon Samaritain (French Citizen Responders for cardiac arrest) is a solution developed and successfully used in France to facilitate help and bridge the time until the arrival of the emergency services through registered volunteers in case of a cardiac arrest. An important difference to similar apps is that both trained and untrained citizens can become first responders, with the difference that they are given different tasks. The registration and alerting work via the App “stayingalive” which provides a map with defibrillators that can be updated by everybody. Persons with knowledge and training in first aid can upload their certificates (first aid courses or professional certificates). When the emergency call centre receives a call about a cardiac arrest, they not only send out the emergency services but also alert the citizen responder in the immediate vicinity of the emergency. The citizen responders are alerted by the app and can agree or refuse the call. If several people agree, one of them has the task of starting resuscitation. The other person is instructed to use the map to find a defibrillator and bring it to the scene. Persons without a first aid certificate are always given the task of fetching the defibrillator. In addition, Bon Samaritain offers two-hour first aid courses and two-day first aid courses for companies.

After the North American ice storm in 1998, the Canadian Technical and Scientific Commission on the Ice Storm proposed to establish a committee for humanitarian and community organizations. The committee was founded in 1999. Since 2007, the committee has been incorporated in the “ROHCMUM” -association of community and humanitarian organisations for emergency measures in Montreal (Regroupement des organismes humanitaires et communautaires pour les mesures d’urgence à Montréal). ROHCMUM aims to optimize assistance to people affected by major emergencies through effective coordination of the humanitarian and community organizations in the region. Its mission can be summarised in three points: - They are committed to developing and sustaining a culture of disaster preparedness among community and humanitarian organisations and emergency responders in their region. - To facilitate the mobilisation of the various community and humanitarian organisations in the event of a crisis, ROHCMUM provides a common point of contact, thus simplifying communication and organisation. - By coordinating the different competences and skills of the various actors, the people concerned should receive the best possible help. An example of how the ROHCMUM can help can be found in the report on the flooding in Montréal in 2017. Shortly after the flood, the emergency response coordination centre received many requests from citizens who wanted to help or donate. ROHCMUM was tasked with managing the donations and offers of help.

Brannbamsen Bjørnis (Firefighter Teddy Bear Bjørnis) is a mascot and teddy bear, used by the Norwegian fire department to reach out to children. The tool was developed in 2012 by a Norwegian firefighter and was inspired by the Swedish concept of comforting and calming children after dramatic experiences with a plush toy. The Norwegian fire department started taking teddy bears to the children during their operations, such as fires and accidents. They added a human-sized mascot bear who teaches children in kindergartens, at events and through videos, songs, and games on their website. There are materials for kindergartens and parents that teach children in a playful way what happens in case of a fire and other emergencies, how to prepare and what to do. In his own TV series, Bjørnis shows the different tasks of the fire brigade and how to behave in different emergency situations. Bjørnis is used in two strategies: 1. Teddy bears distributed by the fire brigade to children in traumatic situations to comfort and reassure them. 2. Bjørnis mascot is used as the main character in national fire safety education, representing the fire service in national and local awareness campaigns to reach children and their parents and educate them about emergencies.